Microbiology Exam 3

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• [GET] Microbiology Exam 3

  Assumes general knowledge of chemistry, as well as biology or anatomy and physiology. This course can be used as a study resource or to earn college credit by passing a UExcel exam multiple-choice examination. Microbiology encompasses numerous...

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• [DOWNLOAD] Microbiology Exam 3

  The course is graded. When you have completed the course and met the grade requirements, you know you are ready to take your exam or have mastered the content. Microbiology Online Course We stand behind our courses with a money-back guarantee! View...

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• Microbiology Exam 3. Ch 14 Study Guide

  What It Is A routine urine culture detects the amount of germs microorganisms like bacteria present in the urine. Once a urine sample is collected, a technician will keep it in conditions where microorganisms can multiply. Normally, no more than a small number of germs will be in the urine if there's no infection. If a larger number of germs are present, the technician will use a microscope or chemical tests to determine the specific types growing in the culture. The technician also may run tests to determine which medications will be most effective against the microorganism if the doctor diagnoses an infection. Why It's Done A urine culture is used to diagnose a urinary tract infection UTI and see what kinds of germs are causing it. The doctor may order a urine culture if your child: complains of a painful sensation when peeing feels the urge to pee frequently but doesn't produce much urine also called urgency has a fever of without a clear reason or has abdominal pain has a routine urinalysis that is abnormal, especially if it shows a high number of white blood cells has completed a course of treatment for a UTI, to see if the infection is gone Preparation No preparation other than cleansing the area around the urinary opening is required for the urine culture.

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• Microbiology Exam 2 Chapter 456 Quizlet

  Tell your doctor if your child is taking antibiotics or has taken them recently. The Procedure Collecting the sample should only take a few minutes. Your child will be asked to pee into a sterile sample cup in the doctor's office. If your child isn't potty trained and can't pee into a cup, a catheter a narrow soft tube may need to be inserted into the bladder to obtain the urine specimen. The skin surrounding the urinary opening has to be cleaned just before the urine is collected. In this "clean-catch" method, you or your child cleans the skin around the urinary opening with a special towelette.

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• Microbiology Lecture Exam 3

  Your child then urinates into the toilet, stops momentarily, and then urinates again into the collection container. Catching the pee in "midstream" is the goal. The container shouldn't touch your child's skin. Be sure to wash your hands and your child's hands before and after this process. Sometimes it's preferable to collect a sample first thing in the morning after your child wakes up.

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• Exam 1 Microbiology - Chapter 3

  If this is the case, you may be asked to help your child with the test at home. You'll take the sample to the lab, where a technician will test it for the presence of germs. Follow any storage and transportation instructions the lab gives you. What to Expect Because the test involves normal urination, there shouldn't be any discomfort as long as your child can provide a urine sample. There may be temporary discomfort if a catheter was inserted to collect the urine. It's important to keep the area around the urinary opening clean before the test and to catch the urine sample midstream. Getting the Results The results of the urine culture will be available in days. Your doctor will go over the results with you and explain what they mean. Risks No risks are involved when providing a sample for a urine culture. If a catheterized specimen is required, it may cause temporary discomfort. You can discuss any questions you have about this procedure with your healthcare provider.

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• Microbiology Laboratory Exam 3

  Helping Your Child Urinating to provide the specimen for the test is usually painless. Make sure your child understands that the urinary opening must be clean and the pee must be collected midstream. If You Have Questions If you have questions about the urine culture, speak with your doctor. More on this topic for: Parents.

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• Microbiology Practice Questions

  What are mutations always seen in? The genotype is changed by mutations. When does a spontaneous mutation arise? In what machinery is this error looked over in? During DNA replication. DNA polymerase III, which has proofreading function 3'-5' exonuclease activity What causes induced mutations and when does it happen? Give some examples Exposure to certain environmental agents mutagens. Usually occurs after DNA replication. UV light, mustand gas, ionizing radiation. What are mutagens? Substances that react chemically with DNA to modify or remove groups involved in H bonding and results in pairings of A to G, etc.

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• A Microbiology Exam Practice Quiz! Trivia Questions

  What are the 4 types of chemical mutagens? UV light, Base analogs, Intercalating agents, and transposons What are base analogs and tautomers? Structurally similar to base but has an added side chain such as bromine that interferes with normal base pairing. What does UV light do? Cause adjacent thymine residues to dimerize What are intercalating agents? What is an example? Flat molecules that slip between base pairs. They are about the same size and shape as base pair and disrupt proper replication. They bind into the major groove of DNA. Ethidium bromide DNA staining dye What do thymine dimers do? How does it do this? Block DNA replication due to covalent bond between T residues.

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• Microbiology Exam 3 Questions And Answers Study Guide *Latest Version*

  What is a point mutation? What are three different kinds? Mutations that affect only one codon. Missense mutation? Alter codon to specify different amino acid. Nonsense mutation? Alter codon to specify stop codon. Neutral mutation? Do not alter the protein product. Codon still specifies for the same amino acid even thought the codon is not exactly the same. Frameshift mutations? Alter the reading frame and every codon after site of mutation. Back mutations or reversions? Corrects mutation.

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• Medical Microbiology 2420

  Phenotypic Characteristics Useful in Classification and Identification Morphologic Characteristics Both wet-mounted and properly stained bacterial cell suspensions can yield a great deal of information. These simple tests can indicate the Gram reaction of the organism; whether it is acid-fast; its motility; the arrangement of its flagella; the presence of spores, capsules, and inclusion bodies; and, of course, its shape. This information often can allow identification of an organism to the genus level, or can minimize the possibility that it belongs to one or another group.

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• Microbiology Final Exam 3

  Colony characteristics and pigmentation are also quite helpful. For example, colonies of several Porphyromonas species autofluoresce under long-wavelength ultraviolet light, and Proteus species swarm on appropriate media. Growth Characteristics A primary distinguishing characteristic is whether an organism grows aerobically, anaerobically, facultatively i. The proper atmospheric conditions are essential for isolating and identifying bacteria. Other important growth assessments include the incubation temperature, pH, nutrients required, and resistance to antibiotics. Legionella, Haemophilus, and some other pathogens require specific growth factors, whereas E. Antigens and Phage Susceptibility Cell wall O , flagellar H , and capsular K antigens are used to aid in classifying certain organisms at the species level, to serotype strains of medically important species for epidemiologic purposes, or to identify serotypes of public health importance.

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• Medical Microbiology

  Serotyping is also sometimes used to distinguish strains of exceptional virulence or public health importance, for example with V. Phage typing determining the susceptibility pattern of an isolate to a set of specific bacteriophages has been used primarily as an aid in epidemiologic surveillance of diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus, mycobacteria, P, aeruginosa, V.

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• Microbiology Exam 3 Notes (got 98% On The Test)

  Susceptibility to bacteriocins has also been used as an epidemiologic strain marker. In most cases recently, phage and bacteriocin typing have been supplanted by molecular methods. Biochemical Characteristics Most bacteria are identified and classified largely on the basis of their reactions in a series of biochemical tests. Some tests are used routinely for many groups of bacteria oxidase, nitrate reduction, amino acid degrading enzymes, fermentation or utilization of carbohydrates ; others are restricted to a single family, genus, or species coagulase test for staphylococci, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase test for Gram-positive cocci.

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• Microbiology

  Both the number of tests needed and the actual tests used for identification vary from one group of organisms to another. Therefore, the lengths to which a laboratory should go in detecting and identifying organisms must be decided in each laboratory on the basis of its function, the type of population it serves, and its resources. Clinical laboratories today base the extent of their work on the clinical relevance of an isolate to the particular patient from which it originated, the public health significance of complete identification, and the overall cost-benefit analysis of their procedures.

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• Microbiology Exam 3 Flashcards - Medicoguia.com

  For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC reference laboratory uses at least 46 tests to identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae, whereas most clinical laboratories, using commercial identification kits or simple rapid tests, identify isolates with far fewer criteria. Classification Below and Above the Species Level Below the Species Level Particularly for epidemiological purposes, clinical microbiologists must distinguish strains with particular traits from other strains in the same species. For example, serotype OH7 E. Below the species level, strains are designated as groups or types on the basis of common serologic or biochemical reactions, phage or bacteriocin sensitivity, pathogenicity, or other characteristics.

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• BIO INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY EXAM ONE Page 1

  Many of these characteristics are already used and accepted: serotype, phage type, colicin type, biotype, bioserotype a group of strains from the same species with common biochemical and serologic characteristics that set them apart from other members of the species , and pathotype e. Above the Species Level In addition to species and subspecies designations, clinical microbiologists must be familiar with genera and families. A genus is a group of related species, and a family is a group of related genera. An ideal genus would be composed of species with similar phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics. Some phenotypically homogeneous genera approach this criterion Citrobacter, Yersinia, and Serratia.

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• Bio 101 Exam 1 Quizlet

  More often, however, the phenotypic similarity is present, but the genetic relatedness is not. Bacillus, Clostridium, and Legionella are examples of accepted phenotypic genera in which genetic relatedness between species is not 50 to 65 percent, but 0 to 65 percent. When phenotypic and genetic similarity are not both present, phenotypic similarity generally should be given priority in establishing genera. Identification practices are simplified by having the most phenotypically similar species in the same genus. The primary consideration for a genus is that it contain biochemically similar species that are convenient or important to consider as a group separate from other groups of organisms.

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• Learn Exam 3 Microbiology

  The sequencing of ribosomal RNA rRNA genes, which have been highly conserved through evolution, allows phylogenetic comparisons to be made between species whose total DNAs are essentially unrelated. It also allows phylogenetic classification at the genus, family, and higher taxonomic levels. The rRNA sequence data are usually not used to designate genera or families unless supported by similarities in phenotypic tests. Designation of New Species and Nomenclatural Changes Species are named according to principles and rules of nomenclature set forth in the Bacteriological Code. Scientific names are taken from Latin or Greek. The correct name of a species or higher taxon is determined by three criteria: valid publication, legitimacy of the name with regard to the rules of nomenclature, and priority of publication that is, it must be the first validly published name for the taxon.

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• Microbiology - Exam 3 Flashcards

  To be published validly, a new species proposal must contain the species name, a description of the species, and the designation of a type strain for the species, and the name must be published in the International Journal for Systematic Bacteriology IJSB. Once proposed, a name does not go through a formal process to be accepted officially; in fact, the opposite is true—a validly published name is assumed to be correct unless and until it is challenged officially.

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• Microbiology Exam #3 Review Flashcards

  This occurs only in cases in which the validity of a name is questioned with respect to compliance with the rules of the Bacteriological Code. A question of classification that is based on scientific data for example, whether a species, on the basis of its biochemical or genetic characteristics, or both, should be placed in a new genus or an existing genus is not settled by the Judicial Commission, but by the preference and usage of the scientific community. More than one name may thus exist for a single organism. This is not, however, restricted to bacterial nomenclature. Multiple names exist for many antibiotics and other drugs and enzymes. A number of genera have been divided into additional genera and species have been moved to new or existing genera, such as Arcobacter new genus for former members of Campylobacter and Burkholderia species formerly species of Pseudomonas.

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• Foundations In Microbiology

  Two former Campylobacter species cinaedi and fennelliae have been moved to the existing genus Helicobacter in another example. The best source of information for new species proposals and nomenclatural changes is the IJSB. In addition, the Journal of Clinical Microbiology often publishes descriptions of newly described microorganisms isolated from clinical sources. Information, including biochemical reactions and sources of isolation, about new organisms of clinical importance, disease outbreaks caused by newer species, and reviews of clinical significance of certain organisms may be found in the Annals of Internal Medicine, Journal of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, and Clinical Infectious Diseases.

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• Microbiology Exam 3

  The data provided in these publications supplement and update Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, the definitive taxonomic reference text. Assessing Newly Described Bacteria Since , the number of genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae has increased from 12 to 28 and the number of species from 42 to more than , some of which have not yet been named. Similar explosions have occurred in other genera.

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• Microbiology Lab Exam #3

  In , five species were listed in the genus Vibrio and four in Campylobacter; the genus Legionella was unknown. Today, there are at least 25 species in Vibrio, 12 Campylobacter species, and more than 40 species in Legionella. The total numbers of genera and species continue to increase dramatically. The clinical significance of the agent of legionnaire's disease was well known long before it was isolated, characterized, and classified as Legionella pneumophila. In most cases, little is known about the clinical significance of a new species at the time it is first described.

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• Microbiology - Exam 3 - Online Flashcards By Jesus Castro | Brainscape

  Assessments of clinical significance begin after clinical laboratories adopt the procedures needed to detect and identify the species and accumulate a body of data. In fact, the detection and even the identification of uncultivatable microbes from different environments are now possible using standard molecular methods. The agents of cat scratch disease Bartonella henselae and Whipple's disease Tropheryma whippelii were elucidated in this manner. Bartonella henselae has since been cultured from several body sites from numerous patients; T. New species will continue to be described. Many will be able to infect humans and cause disease, especially in those individuals who are immunocompromised, burned, postsurgical, geriatric, and suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS. Any organism is capable of causing disease in such patients under the appropriate conditions. Role of the Clinical Laboratory Clinical laboratory scientists should be able to isolate, identify, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the vast majority of human disease agents so that physicians can initiate appropriate treatment as soon as possible, and the source and means of transmission of outbreaks can be ascertained to control the disease and prevent its recurrence.

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• Sketchy Micro Exam 3

  The need to identify clinically relevant microorganisms both quickly and cost-effectively presents a considerable challenge. To be effective, the professional clinical laboratory staff must interact with the infectious diseases staff. Laboratory scientists should attend infectious disease rounds. They must keep abreast of new technology, equipment, and classification and should communicate this information to their medical colleagues. They should interpret, qualify, or explain laboratory reports. If a bacterial name is changed or a new species reported, the laboratory should provide background information, including a reference. The clinical laboratory must be efficient. A concerted effort must be made to eliminate or minimize inappropriate and contaminated specimens and the performance of procedures with little or no clinical relevance. Standards for the selection, collection, and transport of specimens should be developed for both laboratory and nursing procedure manuals and reviewed periodically by a committee composed of medical, nursing, and laboratory staff.

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• Microbiology 2420

  Ongoing dialogues and continuous communication with other health care workers concerning topics such as specimen collection, test selection, results interpretation, and new technology are essential to maintaining high quality microbiological services. Biochemical and Susceptibility Testing Most laboratories today use either commercially available miniaturized biochemical test systems or automated instruments for biochemical tests and for susceptibility testing. The kits usually contain 10 to 20 tests. The test results are converted to numerical biochemical profiles that are identified by using a codebook or a computer.

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• Exam 3 Microbiology Flashcards & Quizzes | Brainscape

  Carbon source utilization systems with up to 95 tests are also available. Most identification takes 4 to 24 hours. Biochemical and enzymatic test systems for which data bases have not been developed are used by some reference laboratories. Automated instruments can be used to identify most Gram-negative fermenters, nonfermenters, and Gram-positive bacteria, but not for anaerobes.

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• Microbiology Lab Exam 2

  Antimicrobial susceptibility testing can be performed for some microorganisms with this equipment, with results expressed as approximate minimum inhibitory drug concentrations. Both tasks take 4 to 24 hours. If semiautomated instruments are used, some manipulation is done manually, and the cultures in miniature cards or microdilution plates are incubated outside of the instrument. The test containers are then read rapidly by the instrument, and the results are generated automatically. Instruments are also available for identification of bacteria by cell wall fatty acid profiles generated with gas-liquid chromatography GLC , analysis of mycolic acids using high performance liquid chromatography HPLC , and by protein-banding patterns generated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PAGE. Some other instruments designed to speed laboratory diagnosis of bacteria are those that detect but do not identify bacteria in blood cultures, usually faster than manual systems because of continuous monitoring.

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• A Basic Trivia Quiz On Microbiology

  Also available are many rapid screening systems for detecting one or a series of specific bacteria, including certain streptococci, N. These screening systems are based on fluorescent antibody, agglutination, or other rapid procedures. It is important to inform physicians as soon as a presumptive identification of an etiologic agent is obtained so that appropriate therapy can be initiated as quickly as possible. Gram stain and colony morphology; acid-fast stains; and spot indole, oxidase, and other rapid enzymatic tests may allow presumptive identification of an isolate within minutes. Role of the Reference Laboratory Despite recent advances, the armamentarium of the clinical laboratory is far from complete.

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• Urine Test: Routine Culture

  Few laboratories can or should conduct the specialized tests that are often essential to distinguish virulent from avirulent strains. Serotyping is done only for a few species, and phage typing only rarely. Few pathogenicity tests are performed. Not many laboratories can conduct comprehensive biochemical tests on strains that cannot be identified readily by commercially available biochemical systems.

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  Define Resolution, total magnification, refractive index Resolution: ability of the lenses to distinguish 2 points a specified distance apart. Compare each with brightfield illumination Darkfield : light objects visible against dark background, uses white light. Specimen can be alive with no stain, unlike Brightfield. Fluorescence: uses UV light for greater resolution shorter wavelength.

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• Microbiology TEST 3 – Practice Tom

  Specimen can be alive. Brightfield: dark objects on bright background. Specimens usually dead and stained. Both uses beam of electrons instead of light. Use electromagnetic lenses to control light, focus and magnification. Transmission Electron Microscope: Electrons pass through ultrathin section of specimen. Salts of heavy metals can be used as stain. Scanning Electron Microscope: Electrons reflected from surface of specimen. Stains the background. Repelled by slight - charge of bacteria. Stains slightly negative bacterial surface. Differentiate between positive and negative staining techniques. Negative staining: preparing coloress bacteria against a colored background. Positive Staining: Preparing a colored backteria against a colorless background. Describe Process of making 1 thin film of material containing microorganism spread over surface of slide. Fixing prevents the stain washing the microbes off the slide. Compare simple, differential and special stains according to purpose, advantages and disadvantages Simple: use of a single basic dye to see structure of specimen.

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• Learn Clinical Microbiology

  Differential: help to identify bacteria by how they react to stains. Gram - more resistant. Negative Staining: useful to capsules. Endospore Staining: requires heav to drive stain into endospoes. Flagella Staining requires a mordant to make flagella wide enough to see.

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• Microbiology Nursing Questions And Answers

  Although typhoid fever has been largely eradicated in the developed world, Salmonella food poisoning has long been, and continues to be, an important global public health problem. In much of Europe and North America, Campylobacter is now the most frequent cause of foodborne human infections, but Salmonella remains a very important and widespread pathogen. It is a major cause of concern for the food industry, where its control is vital for products ranging from cooked meats to chocolate and from fresh produce to peanut butter. Given the long history of foodborne salmonellosis, it is not surprising that the need for microbiological testing of food ingredients and food products is very significant.

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• Microbiology 2314

  A substantial number of methods, both traditional and rapid, have been developed over the years for the detection and identification of Salmonella. Salmonella enterica Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore forming, usually motile rods belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and primarily associated with animals. The genus currently contains just two species, Salmonella enterica including six subspecies and Salmonella bongori. Most of the Salmonella isolates from cases of human infection belong to Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica. The genus is also further subdivided into approximately 2, serovars or serotypes , characterised on the basis of their somatic O and flagellar H antigens. Until recently, individual serovars were referred to as if they were species, for example Salmonella typhimurium. However the current convention is to refer to this serovar as Salmonella enterica subsp.

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  Fortunately, it is customary to shorten this to Salmonella Typhimurium. The commonest serovars associated with human disease are S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, but many others have been shown to cause disease, notably S. Infantis, S. Virchow and S. Individual serovars can be further characterised typed by a number of methods, including phage typing and antibiotic resistance profiles. The most severe form of Salmonella infection is typhoid fever caused by serovars adapted to a human host, such as S. Typhi and S. But infection by non-typhoid salmonellae is much more common and usually causes gastroenteritis , with symptoms including diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting lasting from days. The infective dose can be quite low cells in vulnerable individuals or when contaminated food with a high fat content, like chocolate or cheese, is consumed.

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• Microbiology Exam 3 Questions And Answers Study Guide *latest Version* - MCB (MCB) - Stuvia

  The incidence of salmonellosis has been falling steadily in Europe since the mid s. In , approximately 95, cases of human salmonellosis were recorded. This almost certainly represents considerable under-reporting, and the real number of cases could be a factor of 10 to times greater. A similar pattern has been seen in the USA, but the incidence has remained steady at roughly 15 cases per , people since One reason for the decline in cases in the late s was better control of S. Enteritidis in egg production. Outbreaks of foodborne salmonellosis are still common and have been associated with a very wide variety of foods, including dairy products, eggs, fruit juice, fresh produce, herbs and spices, chocolate confectionery, cereals, cooked and cured meats and ice cream. For example, a outbreak in the USA in was caused by S.

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• Microbiology Test 3 - AnkiWeb

  Typhimurium in peanut butter and peanut paste and affected nearly people nationwide. Salmonella is a very common component of the gut microflora of animals, including humans, other mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and is thus found in their faeces. Faecal pollution is the main route by which food and water supplies become contaminated and largely accounts for the ubiquity of Salmonella in the food supply chain. Food animals, especially poultry and pigs, can also become infected and act as reservoirs of Salmonella.

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